Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Show how the concepts of kinematics are applied to rigid bodies.
• Explain how Newton's laws of motion and the equations of energy and momentum are applied to rigid bodies.
• Develop an appreciation of the function, design and schematic representation of mechanical systems.
• Develop skills in modelling and analysis of mechanical systems, including graphical, algebraic and vector methods.
• Show how to model complex mechanics problems with constraints and multiple degrees of freedom.
• Develop skills for analyzing these complex mechanical systems, including stability, vibrations and numerical integration.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Specify the position, velocity and acceleration of a rigid body using > graphical, algebraic and vector methods.
• Understand the concepts of relative velocity, relative acceleration and instantaneous centres of rigid bodies.
• Apply Newton's laws and d'Alembert's principle to determine the acceleration of a rigid body subject to applied forces and couples, including impact in planar motion.
• Determine the forces and stresses in a rigid body caused by its motion.
• Apply Lagrange's equation to the motion of particles and rigid bodies under the action of conservative forces
• Identification of equilibrium points, and linearization around equilibrium points
• Linearization around equilibrium points to extract stability information, vibrational frequencies and growth rates.
• Use of the "Effective potential'' when J_z is conserved.
• Understand chaotic motion as observed in simple non-linear dynamics systems
• Understand simple gyroscopic motion.

Content

Introduction and Terminology

Kinematics

• Differentiation of vectors (4: pp 490-492)
• Motion of a rigid body in space (3: ch 20)
• Velocity and acceleration images (1: p 124)
• Acceleration of a particle moving relative to a body in motion (2: pp 386-389)

Rigid Body Dynamics

• D'Alembert force and torque for a rigid body in plane motion (4: pp 787-788)
• Inertia forces in plane mechanisms (1: pp 200-206)
• Method of virtual power (4: pp 429-432)
• Inertia stress and bending (1) Ch 5

Lagrange's Equation

• Introduction to  Lagrange's Equation (without derivation)
• Concept of conservative forces
• Application to the motion of particles and rigid bodies under the action of conservative forces

Non-linear dynamics

• Solution of equations of motion for a double pendulum
• Illustration of motion on a phase plane
• Concept of chaos and the sensitivity to initial conditions

Gyroscopic Effect

• Introduction to gyroscopic motion (2: pp 564-571)

REFERENCES

(1) BEER, F.P. & JOHNSTON, E.R. VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS: STATICS AND DYNAMICS
(2) HIBBELER, R.C. ENGINEERING MECHANICS – DYNAMICS (SI UNITS)
(3) MERIAM, J.L. & KRAIGE, L.G. ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOL.2: DYNAMICS
(4) PRENTIS, J.M. ENGINEERING MECHANICS

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 16/05/2019 10:19

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Show how the concepts of kinematics are applied to rigid bodies.
• Explain how Newton's laws of motion and the equations of energy and momentum are applied to rigid bodies.
• Develop an appreciation of the function, design and schematic representation of mechanical systems.
• Develop skills in modelling and analysis of mechanical systems, including graphical, algebraic and vector methods.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Specify the position, velocity and acceleration of a rigid body in cartesian, polar and intrinsic co-ordinates, using graphical, algebraic and vector methods.
• Understand the concepts of relative velocity, relative acceleration and instantaneous centres of rigid bodies.
• Determine the centre of mass and moment of inertia of a plane lamina.
• Understand and apply the perpendicular and parallel axes theorems.
• Recognise whether a body is in static or dynamic equilibrium.
• Understand the concepts of energy, linear momentum and moment of momentum of a rigid body, and recognise when they are conserved.
• Apply Newton's laws and d'Alembert's principle to determine the acceleration of a rigid body subject to applied forces and couples, including impact in planar motion.
• Determine the forces and stresses in a rigid body caused by its motion.
• Understand the concepts of static and dynamic balance of rotors and the methods for balancing rotors.
• Understand simple gyroscopic motion.

Content

Introduction and Terminology

Kinematics

• Differentiation of vectors (4: pp 490-492)
• Motion of a particle Data book p2
• Motion of a rigid body in space (3: ch 20)
• Velocity and acceleration images (1: p 124)
• Acceleration of a particle moving relative to a body in motion (2: pp 386-389)

Rigid Body Dynamics I - Inertia Forces and Energy

• Centre of mass, moments of inertia Data book Section 4
• D'Alembert force for a particle (3: p 101)
• D'Alembert force and torque for a rigid body in plane motion (4: pp 787-788)
• Kinetic energy of a rigid body in plane motion (2: p 461)
• Conservation of energy for conservative systems (3: pp 453-458)
• Inertia forces in plane mechanisms (1: pp 200-206)
• Method of virtual power (4: pp 429-432)
• Inertia stress and bending (1) Ch 5
• Balancing simple rotors (1: pp 180-182)

Rigid Body Dynamics II - Conservation of Momentum

• Momentum of a rigid body in plane motion (2: pp 267-271)
• Moment of momentum about G in plane motion (3: pp 555-558)
• Moment of momentum about a fixed point (4: p 894)
• Impact problems in plane motion (3: pp 487-493)
• Introduction to gyroscopic motion (2: pp 564-571)
• Lamina rotating about an axis in its own plane (1: pp 185-187)

REFERENCES

(1) BEER, F.P. & JOHNSTON, E.R. VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS: STATICS AND DYNAMICS
(2) HIBBELER, R.C. ENGINEERING MECHANICS – DYNAMICS (SI UNITS)
(3) MERIAM, J.L. & KRAIGE, L.G. ENGINEERING MECHANICS. VOL.2: DYNAMICS
(4) PRENTIS, J.M. ENGINEERING MECHANICS

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 31/05/2017 10:02

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Instill fluency with the basic mathematical techniques which are needed as tools for engineers.
• Revise, and teach afresh where necessary, those parts of the A-level mathematics syllabuses which are necessary for the first two years of the engineering course, and to introduce those new mathematical techniques which are necessary for these courses.
• Place emphasis throughout upon the grasp of essentials and competency in manipulation.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Recognise the appropriate mathematical tools and techniques (from the following syllabus) with which to approach a wide variety of engineering problems.
• Specify a mathematical model of a problem.
• Carry out appropriate mathematical manipulations to solve the modelled problem.
• Interpret the significance of the mathematical result.

Content

Michaelmas term (16L)

The Michaelmas term course concerns revision and extension of concepts which most students will have met at school. Examples papers will include exercises to encourage students to practice mathematical skills learnt in their previous studies as well as the new topics introduced this term.

Vectors (3L)

• Scalar and vector product.     
• Moment of a force and angular velocity vectors.
• Scalar and vector triple product.
• Examples of applications.
• Simple vector geometry, vector equations of lines and planes.
• Determinant of 3x3 matrices

Functions and Complex Numbers (5L)

• Definitions and simple properties of the hyperbolic functions.
• Statement of Taylor's theorem, examples including trigonometric and hyperbolic function, exp, ln.
• Simple ideas of series, approximations, limits, L'Hopital's rule.
• Asymptotic behaviour of functions for small and large argument.
• Revision of complex arithmetic and representation in the Argand diagram. Idea of a complex function.
• De Moivre's theorem, use of exp (i ω t)

Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE's) (4L)

• Linear equations of first order, integrating factor, separation of variables.
• Second order ODE’s: complementary functions, superposition and particular integrals.          
• Linear difference equations.
• Notions of a partial derivative.

Matrices (4L)

• Matrices as linear transformations: the range and the null space of a matrix.
• The inverse of a 3x3 matrix.
• Change from one orthogonal coordinate system to another, the rotation matrix.
• Symmetric, antisymmetric and orthogonal matrices.       
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors for symmetric matrices.
• Special properties of symmetric matrices: orthogonality of eigenvectors, expansion of an arbitrary vector in eigenvectors.
• Examples, including small vibrations.

Lent Term (8L)

The course in the Lent and Easter terms introduces ideas which will be new to most students, but which find application across the whole range of engineering science.

Steps, impulses and linear system response (3L)

• Introduction to step and impulse functions. Step and impulse response of linear systems represented by ODE's.
• Use of convolution to obtain output given a general input.

Fourier series (4L)

• Fourier sine and cosine series. Full and half range, consideration of symmetries, convergence and discontinuities.
• Complex Fourier series. Physical interpretations, including effect of filtering a general periodic input.

Introduction to probability material in vacation programmed learning text (1L)

Easter vacation - Probability (Programmed learning text, equivalent to four lectures of material)

• Notion of probability. Conditional probability.
• Permutations and combinations.
• Mean,variance and standard deviation of probability distributions.
• Discrete and continuous distributions.
• The Normal distribution and experimental errors

Easter term (7L)

Functions of Several Variables (4L)

• Differentiation of functions of several variables.
• Chain rule, implicit differentiation.
• Introduction to definition of grad(f).
• Stationary values, unconstrained extrema.
• Taylor expansion of f(x,y).

Introduction to Laplace transforms (3L)

• Basic properties of Laplace transforms.
• Laplace transforms as a means of solving ODEs with initial conditions (using tables of transforms for inversion).

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Instill fluency with the basic mathematical techniques which are needed as tools for engineers.
• Revise, and teach afresh where necessary, those parts of the A-level mathematics syllabuses which are necessary for the first two years of the engineering course, and to introduce those new mathematical techniques which are necessary for these courses.
• Place emphasis throughout upon the grasp of essentials and competency in manipulation.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Recognise the appropriate mathematical tools and techniques (from the following syllabus) with which to approach a wide variety of engineering problems.
• Specify a mathematical model of a problem.
• Carry out appropriate mathematical manipulations to solve the modelled problem.
• Interpret the significance of the mathematical result.

Content

Michaelmas term (24L with access to recorded material for fast revision)

The Michaelmas term course concerns revision and extension of concepts which most students will have met at school. In previous years this course has been presented in two versions: a "24 lecture standard pace" and a "16 lecture fast pace."  In Michaelmas 2022, only the 24 lecture standard pace (three lectures per week) course will be presented.  The "skeleton", ie with blanks, lecture notes will be made available beforehand via Moodle. After each lecture the annotated notes can be accessed via Moodle and the recorded lecture can be reviewed or accessed for revision of a particular topic.  Students who have taken double mathematics at A level and who have good mathematical fluency (and would have attended the fast pace lecture course in previous years) may choose to just read the lecture notes and, where necessary, refer to the appropriate recorded material. Examples papers will include exercises to encourage students to practice mathematical skills learnt in their previous studies.

Vectors (5L)

• Scalar and vector product.     
• Moment of a force and angular velocity vectors.
• Scalar and vector triple product.
• Examples of applications.
• Simple vector geometry, vector equations of lines and planes.
• Determinant of 3x3 matrices

Functions and Complex Numbers (7L)

• Definitions and simple properties of the hyperbolic functions.
• Statement of Taylor's theorem, examples including trigonometric and hyperbolic function, exp, ln.
• Simple ideas of series, approximations, limits, L'Hopital's rule.
• Asymptotic behaviour of functions for small and large argument.
• Revision of complex arithmetic and representation in the Argand diagram. Idea of a complex function.
• De Moivre's theorem, use of exp (iw t)

Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE's) (5L)

• Linear equations of first order, integrating factor, separation of variables.
• Second order ODE’s: complementary functions, superposition and particular integrals.          
• Linear difference equations.
• Notions of a partial derivative.

Matrices (7L)

• Matrices as linear transformations: the range and the null space of a matrix.
• The inverse of a 3x3 matrix.
• Change from one orthogonal coordinate system to another, the rotation matrix.
• Symmetric, antisymmetric and orthogonal matrices.       
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors for symmetric matrices.
• Special properties of symmetric matrices: orthogonality of eigenvectors, expansion of an arbitrary vector in eigenvectors.
• Examples, including small vibrations.

Lent Term (8L)

The course in the Lent and Easter terms introduces ideas which will be new to most students, but which find application across the whole range of engineering science.

Steps, impulses and linear system response (3L)

• Introduction to step and impulse functions. Step and impulse response of linear systems represented by ODE's.
• Use of convolution to obtain output given a general input.

Fourier series (4L)

• Fourier sine and cosine series. Full and half range, consideration of symmetries, convergence and discontinuities.
• Complex Fourier series. Physical interpretations, including effect of filtering a general periodic input.

Introduction to probability material in vacation programmed learning text (1L)

Easter vacation - Probability (Programmed learning text, equivalent to four lectures of material)

• Notion of probability. Conditional probability.
• Permutations and combinations.
• Mean,variance and standard deviation of probability distributions.
• Discrete and continuous distributions.
• The Normal distribution and experimental errors

Easter term (7L)

Functions of Several Variables (4L)

• Differentiation of functions of several variables.
• Chain rule, implicit differentiation.
• Introduction to definition of grad(f).
• Stationary values, unconstrained extrema.
• Taylor expansion of f(x,y).

Introduction to Laplace transforms (3L)

• Basic properties of Laplace transforms.
• Laplace transforms as a means of solving ODEs with initial conditions (using tables of transforms for inversion).

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Instill fluency with the basic mathematical techniques which are needed as tools for engineers.
• Revise, and teach afresh where necessary, those parts of the A-level mathematics syllabuses which are necessary for the first two years of the engineering course, and to introduce those new mathematical techniques which are necessary for these courses.
• Place emphasis throughout upon the grasp of essentials and competency in manipulation.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Recognise the appropriate mathematical tools and techniques (from the following syllabus) with which to approach a wide variety of engineering problems.
• Specify a mathematical model of a problem.
• Carry out appropriate mathematical manipulations to solve the modelled problem.
• Interpret the significance of the mathematical result.

Content

Michaelmas term (streaming 24L with access to recorded material for fast revision)

The Michaelmas term course concerns revision and extension of concepts which most students will have met at school. In previous years this course has been presented in two versions: a "24 lecture standard pace" and a "16 lecture fast pace."  For the online presentation format only the 24 lecture standard pace (three lectures per week) course will be presented.  The lectures notes will be made available beforehand and the lectures will be streamed according to the timetable. After each lecture the recorded material will be made available and indexed to the lecture notes.  Students who have taken double mathematics at A level and who have good mathematical fluency (and would have attended the fast pace lecture course in previous years) may choose to just read the lecture notes and, where necessary, refer to the appropriate recorded material. Examples papers will include exercises to encourage students to practice mathematical skills learnt in their previous studies.

Vectors (5L)

• Scalar and vector product.     
• Moment of a force and angular velocity vectors.
• Scalar and vector triple product.
• Examples of applications.
• Simple vector geometry, vector equations of lines and planes.
• Determinant of 3x3 matrices

Functions and Complex Numbers (7L)

• Definitions and simple properties of the hyperbolic functions.
• Statement of Taylor's theorem, examples including trigonometric and hyperbolic function, exp, ln.
• Simple ideas of series, approximations, limits, L'Hopital's rule.
• Asymptotic behaviour of functions for small and large argument.
• Revision of complex arithmetic and representation in the Argand diagram. Idea of a complex function.
• De Moivre's theorem, use of exp (iw t)

Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE's) (5L)

• Linear equations of first order, integrating factor, separation of variables.
• Second order ODE’s: complementary functions, superposition and particular integrals.          
• Linear difference equations.
• Notions of a partial derivative.

Matrices (7L)

• Matrices as linear transformations: the range and the null space of a matrix.
• The inverse of a 3x3 matrix.
• Change from one orthogonal coordinate system to another, the rotation matrix.
• Symmetric, antisymmetric and orthogonal matrices.       
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors for symmetric matrices.
• Special properties of symmetric matrices: orthogonality of eigenvectors, expansion of an arbitrary vector in eigenvectors.
• Examples, including small vibrations.

Lent Term (8L)

The course in the Lent and Easter terms introduces ideas which will be new to most students, but which find application across the whole range of engineering science.

Steps, impulses and linear system response (3L)

• Introduction to step and impulse functions. Step and impulse response of linear systems represented by ODE's.
• Use of convolution to obtain output given a general input.

Fourier series (4L)

• Fourier sine and cosine series. Full and half range, consideration of symmetries, convergence and discontinuities.
• Complex Fourier series. Physical interpretations, including effect of filtering a general periodic input.

Introduction to probability material in vacation programmed learning text (1L)

Easter vacation - Probability (Programmed learning text, equivalent to four lectures of material)

• Notion of probability. Conditional probability.
• Permutations and combinations.
• Mean,variance and standard deviation of probability distributions.
• Discrete and continuous distributions.
• The Normal distribution and experimental errors

Easter term (7L)

Functions of Several Variables (4L)

• Differentiation of functions of several variables.
• Chain rule, implicit differentiation.
• Introduction to definition of grad(f).
• Stationary values, unconstrained extrema.
• Taylor expansion of f(x,y).

Introduction to Laplace transforms (3L)

• Basic properties of Laplace transforms.
• Laplace transforms as a means of solving ODEs with initial conditions (using tables of transforms for inversion).