Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Introduction to 2nd law analysis.
• Show how irreversibilities affect the performance of gas power cycles.
• Introduce the properties of working substances other than ideal gases.
• Describe and analyse simple steam power plant, including the effect of irreversibilities.
• Introduce and analyse refrigeration and heat pump cycles.
• Describe how to evaluate the properties of gas and gas/vapour mixtures.
• Show how the First Law may be applied to Combustion.
• Explore the issues associated with scaling fluid flows and conducting model tests.
• Review inviscid flow in three dimensions and derive the Euler equation.
• Examine the effects of viscosity on fluid flow.
• Introduce the phenomena of laminar and turbulent flow and of boundary layers.
• Develop analysis tools for 1D heat condition, and simple transient conduction problems.
• Examine heat transfer by convection.
• Introduce heat transfer by thermal radiation, including radiation in the environment.
• Describe common types of heat exchanger, and perform an elementary analysis of performance

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Understand the effects of irreversibilities in gas, steam power cycles, and heat pump/refrigeration cycles.
• Understand and be able to use tables of properties for common working substances.
• Understand how to evaluate the properties of arbitrary mixtures of perfect gases, and gas/vapour mixtures, and apply this understanding to problems in psychrometry and combustion.
• Understand the relevance of non-dimensional groups in determining the qualitative nature of fluid flow and how to apply this to model testing.
• Be able to set up the equations governing laminar viscous flow, and solve them for simple problems.
• Understand how irreversibilities arise in fluid flow and be able to make estimates of loss, drag, etc.
• Describe qualitatively the basic characteristics of boundary layers in internal and external flows.
• Be able to analyse simple problems in conduction, convection and radiation heat exchange.
• Understand the physical principles underlying heat transfer correlations and be able to use these to estimate heat transfer coefficients.

Content

Thermodynamics: lectures 1-10

Analysis of steady flow processes - Revision (1L)

• 1st & 2nd laws applied to steady flow device
• The ‘quantity’ and ‘quality’ of energy
• Irreversible entropy creation
• Examples of steady-flow devices

2nd law analysis (1L)

• The different value of work and heat
• The maximum available power in a steady flow device
• The dead state
• How to apply availability to a steady flow device
• Lost power potential due to irreversible

Gas turbines(1L)

• Compressor and turbine irreversibilities
• Combustion changes in gas composition
• First law analysis of gas turbines
• Land based gas turbines and aeroengines
• Second law analysis of gas turbines:Availability

Working fluids(2L)

• p-v-T data for water and normal fluids
• Saturation lines, the triple point, the critical point
• Evaluating properties, dryness fraction
• Working with tabulated data

Power Generation (2L)

• Vapour power plant
• The Rankine cycle
• Reheating and superheating
• Isentropic efficiency
• Combined gas-vapour power cycles
• 1st law analysis of Rankine cycles
• 2nd law analysis of Rankine cycles
• HRSG analysis

Refrigeration cycles (1L)

• Refrigerators and heat pumps
• Coefficient of performance
• Real refrigeration cycles
• The T-s and p-h diagram
• Choice of refrigerants
• Practical cycles

Properties of Mixtures (1L)

• Describing mixture composition
• Dalton's law
• Amagat's law
• p,v,T relations for a mixture of ideal gases
• Evaluations of U,H & S for a mixture of ideal gases
• Analysis of gas,vapour mixtures
• Saturated mixtures
• Specific humidity & relative humidity
• Dew point
• Air conditioning

Combustion (1L)

• Chemical equations
• Lambda and equivalence ratio
• First law applied to combustion
• Phase change of reactants

Fluid Mechanics: lectures 11-20

Incompressible inviscid flow (2L)

• Law of conservation of mass
• Incompressible flow
• The material derivative, D/Dt
• Euler's equation
• Bernoulli's equation
• Streamline curvature
• Determination of the pressure field from the streamlines of a flow

Incompressible viscous flow (1L)

• Viscosity: momentum transfer through molecular motion
• Couette flow and Poiseuille flow
• Navier-Stokes equations

Dimensional analysis and scaling (1L)

• The Pi theorem
• The dimensionless form of Navier-Stokes equations
• Order-of-magnitude analysis
• Orifice plate example
• Aeroplane example
• Ship example

Turbulence and the Pipe Flow Experiment (1L)

• Laminar flow in a circular pipe
• Turbulent flow in a circular pipe
• Turbulence, mixing and momentum transport
• Roughness

Network analysis (1L)

• Static pressure and stagnation pressure
• Stagnation pressure losses across pipe components
• Stagnation pressure changes across pumps and compressors
• Network analysis

Laminar boundary layers (1L)

• Boundary layers
• Pressure gradients in boundary layers
• Boundary layer separation

Turbulent Boundary Layers (1L)

• Reynolds number in a boundary layer
• Transition to turbulence in a boundary layer
• Effect of turbulence on a boundary layer
• Comparison of transition and separation
• Boundary layer re-attachment

External Flows and Drag (1L)

• Lift and drag
• External flows at different Reynolds numbers
• Delayed separation and drag reduction
• Vortex shedding

Heat transfer: lectures 21 – 26

Properties of a fluid (1L) Heat Transfer by Conduction (2L)

• Molecular picture vs. continuum picture
• Macroscopic properties of a fluid
• Partial derivatives
• Conduction in solids - Fourier's law
• Energy balance in 1D
• Overall resistance to heat transfer
• Dimensional analysis
• Lumped heat capacity model

Heat Exchangers (0.5L)

• Description of major types
• Analysis, effectiveness, LMTD

Heat Transfer by convection (2L)

• Energy considerations for flows with heat transfer
• Forced convection, Reynolds and Prandtl, Nusselt and Stanton numbers
• Reynolds analogy
• Natural convection. Grashoff and Rayleigh numbers

Heat Transfer by Radiation (1.5L)

• Radiation from black bodies
• Emissivity and radiation from grey bodies
• View factors
• Radiation networks

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

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Last modified: 04/10/2021 08:53

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• show how the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and diffusion govern the properties and microstructure evolution of materials (Lectures 1-8);
• employ these principles to extend understanding of materials processing techniques (heat treatment, casting, forging), and how they can be used to manipulate microstructure and properties for particular engineering applications (Lectures 9-16).

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• By the end of Lectures 1-8:
• Apply thermodynamic and kinetic principles to predict a range of material behaviour, including rubber elasticity, oxidation and corrosion.
• Describe the concept of the thermodynamic driving force for microstructural change, explain the principles of phase transformations, and derive models for phase nucleation.
• Apply the thermodynamic principles of phase equilibrium in order to interpret phase diagrams.
• Understand how diffusion occurs, and derive and apply mathematical models of one-dimensional diffusion.
• By the end of the Lectures 9-16:
• Explain the importance of composition, thermal history and deformation history in controlling the evolution of microstructure and properties during materials processing.
• Select an appropriate heat treatment schedule for particular metal alloys, in order to deliver the properties required for specific engineering applications.
• Understand the analogy between mass diffusion and thermal diffusion, and use this to derive and apply mathematical models for heat flow in materials processing.
• Describe and compare the attributes of alternative shaping processes (e.g. casting, forging), and the consequences for alloy selection and properties.
• Derive and apply mathematical models describing the deformation response of materials, including metal forming processes and temperature-dependent creep.

Content

Materials thermodynamics and diffusion (8L, Prof Michael Sutcliffe)

(1) Chap. 17, GLU2; (2) Chap. 21,24-27; (3) Chap. 3-7; (4) Chap. 5,9,17 (5) Chap. 6, (6) Chap. 7, sections 7.4 and 7.5 

• Role of entropy: entropic interpretation of the ideal gas law; polymer elasticity.
• Phases and phase diagrams (teach yourself).
• Free energy: thermodynamic basis of phase equilibrium; osmosis.
• Phase transformations: thermodynamic and kinetic principles; theory of nucleation and growth. 
• Theory of diffusion in solids.
• Oxidation and corrosion.

Materials processing (8L, Dr Graham McShane)

(1) Chap. 6, 13, 18, 19, GLU2;  (2) Chap. 20,22,23;  (3) Chap. 8-13,15,16,21,24-26,28; (4) Chap. 7,8,10,11,15.

• Heat treatment of aluminium alloys and steels: TTT and CCT diagrams; practical heat treatment; analysis of heat flow; surface engineering (case hardening).
• Shaping processes for metals:  casting; deformation processing (rolling, forging); annealing, recovery and recystallisation; grain size control; modelling of deformation processing.
• Polymer processing: crystallisation; injection moulding; fibre drawing.
• Processing materials to operatre at high temperatures:  high temperature deformation and creep in metals; deformation mechanism maps; achieving creep resistance.

REFERENCES

(1) ASHBY, M., SHERCLIFF, H. & CEBON, D. MATERIALS: ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, PROCESSING AND DESIGN
(2) ASHBY, M.F. & JONES, D.R.H. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1
(3) ASHBY, M.F. & JONES, D.R.H. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2
(4) CALLISTER, W.D. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION
(5) JONES, R.A.L. SOFT CONDENSED MATTER
(6) TABOR, D. GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
 

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 25/09/2025 16:01

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Build on the Part IA Materials course to extend understanding of:
• (i) the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic principles that govern the microstructure and properties of materials;
• (ii) the practical materials processing techniques that employ these principles to manipulate microstructure and properties for engineering applications;
• (iii) strategies for modelling the deformation and failure of materials.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Understand the importance of temperature, composition and deformation in controlling the evolution of material microstructure and properties.
• Understand the general principles in interpreting phase diagrams and the theory of phase transformations.
• Understand and describe the concept of the thermodynamic driving force for microstructural change.
• Understand how diffusion occurs, and derive and apply mathematical models of one-dimensional diffusion.
• Understand the analogy between mass diffusion and thermal diffusion.
• Apply thermodynamic and kinetic principles to predict a range of material behaviour, including rubber elasticity, oxidation and corrosion.
• Apply these thermodynamic and kinetic principles to practical materials processing (e.g. solidification and casting; precipitation in metals; crystallisation in polymers; doping of semiconductors).
• Understand and model the deformation response of a range of engineering materials, including temperature-dependent creep and metal forming processes.
• Understand and model the stress-state dependence of failure for a range of engineering materials.

Content

Materials thermodynamics and diffusion (6L, Prof M.P.F. Sutcliffe)

(1) Chap. 17, GLU2; (2) Chap. 21,24-27; (3) Chap. 3-7; (4) Chap. 5,9,17 (5) Chap. 6, (6) Chap. 7, sections 7.4 and 7.5 

• Role of entropy: entropic interpretation of the ideal gas law; polymer elasticity.
• Phases and phase diagrams (teach yourself).
• Free energy:  thermodynamic basis of phase equilibrium; osmosis.
• Theory of diffusion in solids
• Oxidation and corrosion

Materials processing (6L, Dr G.J. McShane)

(1) Chap. 18, 19, GLU2;  (3) Chap. 8-13,15,16,24-26; (4) Chap. 7,10,11,15.

• Phase transformations: thermodynamic and kinetic principles; theory of nucleation and growth; TTT and CCT diagrams.
• Casting of metals.
• Heat treatment of aluminium alloys and steels.
• Diffusion analysis in materials processing.
• Polymer processing.

Deformation and failure of materials (4L, Dr G.J. McShane)

(1) Chap. 6, 13; (2) Chap. 20,22,23; (3) Chap. 15,21,28; (4) Chap. 8.

• Modelling of deformation processing of metals.
• Annealing, recovery and grain size control in metals.
• High temperature deformation and creep in metals; deformation mechanism maps.
• Plasticity and failure: failure envelopes for metals, concrete and fibre composites.

REFERENCES

(1) ASHBY, M., SHERCLIFF, H. & CEBON, D. MATERIALS: ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, PROCESSING AND DESIGN
(2) ASHBY, M.F. & JONES, D.R.H. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1
(3) ASHBY, M.F. & JONES, D.R.H. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2
(4) CALLISTER, W.D. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION
(5) JONES, R.A.L. SOFT CONDENSED MATTER
(6) TABOR, D. GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
 

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 02/06/2018 15:41

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• show how the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and diffusion govern the properties and microstructure evolution of materials (Lectures 1-8);
• employ these principles to extend understanding of materials processing techniques (heat treatment, casting, forging), and how they can be used to manipulate microstructure and properties for particular engineering applications (Lectures 9-16).

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• By the end of Lectures 1-8:
• Apply thermodynamic and kinetic principles to predict a range of material behaviour, including rubber elasticity, oxidation and corrosion.
• Describe the concept of the thermodynamic driving force for microstructural change, explain the principles of phase transformations, and derive models for phase nucleation.
• Apply the thermodynamic principles of phase equilibrium in order to interpret phase diagrams.
• Understand how diffusion occurs, and derive and apply mathematical models of one-dimensional diffusion.
• By the end of the Lectures 9-16:
• Explain the importance of composition, thermal history and deformation history in controlling the evolution of microstructure and properties during materials processing.
• Select an appropriate heat treatment schedule for particular metal alloys, in order to deliver the properties required for specific engineering applications.
• Understand the analogy between mass diffusion and thermal diffusion, and use this to derive and apply mathematical models for heat flow in materials processing.
• Describe and compare the attributes of alternative shaping processes (e.g. casting, forging), and the consequences for alloy selection and properties.
• Derive and apply mathematical models describing the deformation response of materials, including metal forming processes and temperature-dependent creep.

Content

Materials thermodynamics and diffusion (8L, Prof Alexandre Kabla)

(1) Chap. 17, GLU2; (2) Chap. 21,24-27; (3) Chap. 3-7; (4) Chap. 5,9,17 (5) Chap. 6, (6) Chap. 7, sections 7.4 and 7.5 

• Role of entropy: entropic interpretation of the ideal gas law; polymer elasticity.
• Phases and phase diagrams (teach yourself).
• Free energy: thermodynamic basis of phase equilibrium; osmosis.
• Phase transformations: thermodynamic and kinetic principles; theory of nucleation and growth. 
• Theory of diffusion in solids.
• Oxidation and corrosion.

Materials processing (8L, Dr Graham McShane)

(1) Chap. 6, 13, 18, 19, GLU2;  (2) Chap. 20,22,23;  (3) Chap. 8-13,15,16,21,24-26,28; (4) Chap. 7,8,10,11,15.

• Heat treatment of aluminium alloys and steels: TTT and CCT diagrams; practical heat treatment; analysis of heat flow; surface engineering (case hardening).
• Shaping processes for metals:  casting; deformation processing (rolling, forging); annealing, recovery and recystallisation; grain size control; modelling of deformation processing.
• Polymer processing: crystallisation; injection moulding; fibre drawing.
• Processing materials to operatre at high temperatures:  high temperature deformation and creep in metals; deformation mechanism maps; achieving creep resistance.

REFERENCES

(1) ASHBY, M., SHERCLIFF, H. & CEBON, D. MATERIALS: ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, PROCESSING AND DESIGN
(2) ASHBY, M.F. & JONES, D.R.H. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1
(3) ASHBY, M.F. & JONES, D.R.H. ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2
(4) CALLISTER, W.D. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION
(5) JONES, R.A.L. SOFT CONDENSED MATTER
(6) TABOR, D. GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
 

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 30/05/2023 15:12