Module Leader

Dr J Kroezen

Timing and Structure

Lent term. 8 x 2 hour sessions. Live Online. Assessment: 100% coursework

Coursework

ENGINEERING TRIPOS PART IIB – 2019-20

Module 4E5: International Business

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES

Assignment Description

You will investigate the “institutional distance” between two different countries of your choosing and make an informed recommendation for the internationalisation strategy of a (fictitious) firm of your choosing. The aim of the assignment is to provide you with the opportunity to directly apply the concepts learned during the course to an empirical setting and encourage you to critically reflect on the different manners in which firms can cross borders.

You need to imagine the following situation:

You are responsible for the internationalisation strategy of a firm that operates in {insert sector}. The firm’s headquarters are based in {insert home country} and top management has asked you to assess the possibility of expansion toward {insert host country}. Top management has determined that there are considerable business opportunities in {insert host country}, but has limited local knowledge of this country nor does it have any prior experience with doing business in countries that are similar to this country. As such, top management is uncertain if and how the identified opportunities can be captured. Assess the institutional distance between your home country and the proposed host country and make an informed recommendation regarding the entry strategy your firm should follow. In your assessment, you can assume that there are no resource constraints as top-management has assured you that it has all the resources available to execute any recommendation you make.

Assignment Steps

1. Select a sector of interest in which your firm is active;

Think of a sector that you are personally interested in or imagine a firm that you are interested in and use this as inspiration for your scenario. For the purpose of the assignment, it is helpful to work with a stylized or fictional scenario to allow you to focus on the most crucial part of the assignment (the comparative institutional analysis of a chosen home and host country). However, do make sure to develop an idea of what unique capabilities define the firm that would need to be somehow replicated or transferred across borders.

2. Select a home country and a host country;

Base the headquarters of your firm in a country of your choosing and select a host country in which it may be interested in operating. Ideally, you should pick at least one country that you are relatively unfamiliar with in order to enhance your learning experience. Setting up a realistic scenario may be helpful, but is not required! As stressed in the scenario above, you can assume that there are considerable business opportunities in the host country you decide to choose. In other words, if you are working with a scenario where the firm is seeking a new market, you do not have to do any market research to justify why you have selected a particular host country.

3. Observe institutional distance between home and host country with help of concepts discussed during sessions 3-7;

Before each session from week 3 until week 7 of the course, take some time to explore the institutional differences across the two countries that you have selected based on the concepts discussed in class. At this stage, you do not have to write a report but be prepared to be able to discuss your initial findings in class.

4. Select two dimensions of institutional distance that you will focus on in your paper;

After the final session, you should have acquired a good understanding of the institutional differences between your home and host country. At this stage, you should select two dimensions of institutional distance that you deem to be most relevant for your scenario. Ideally, you would want to focus on dimensions for which (a) distance appears to be the greatest and that are (b) most relevant to the unique capabilities of your firm.

5. Write an investigative paper in which you analyse the relevant institutional distance between your selected home and host country across the two selected dimensions and make an informed, detailed and realistic recommendation for an entry strategy.

Your paper should make use of course concepts and provide definitions in own words (not quotes) where necessary. Make sure your paper follows the structure outlined below.

Structure of the Paper

The paper should be no more than 3,000 words (excluding references) and has to contain the following parts:

• Title page: Title and Student Number
• Introduction: Very briefly introduce the firm, including the sector in which it is active, its unique capabilities and in which country headquarters are located. Succinctly introduce the internationalisation problem following the scenario you have crafted.
• Theory: Very briefly introduce and define key perspectives (e.g. the institution-based view) or concepts (e.g. various entry strategies) used in the assignment. There is no need to directly reproduce course content and/or tables.
• Method: Briefly describe which dimensions of institutional distance you will focus on and justify your choice. Discuss which sources you will rely on for your assessment.
• Analysis: Report in detail on your analysis of the two dimensions of institutional distance between the home and host country. Make sure to refer to any sources you have used. Where possible, make your analysis specifically relevant to your firm by considering how institutional differences may pose challenges for your firm’s usual mode of operating / its unique capabilities.
• Conclusion and Discussion: Conclude with a detailed recommendation for an entry strategy that your firm should follow when entering the host country in which you make use of the relevant course frameworks on internationalisation strategy. Refer back to your analysis and consider how the firm can practically navigate any challenges in transferring or recreating the necessary capabilities for success in the host country. Discuss any other issues that the firm may need to consider in relation to your recommendation. Discuss any limitations of your analysis and/or make suggestions for further research.
• References: Follow the Harvard system to carefully reference relevant literature and avoid plagiarism. See: https://infolib.blog.jbs.cam.ac.uk/2017/09/28/referencing-advice-all-you....

Assessment Criteria

• Clarity of constructed scenario (5%): Is the firm properly and succinctly introduced? Is the internationalisation problem clearly but succinctly described?
• Coverage of relevant literature (25%): Does the student engage with the literature in a constructive and concise manner? Has the student used additional (academic) sources, other than the ones covered in lectures?
• Critical analysis (25%): Has the student put effort in conducting a comparative institutional analysis? Are the reported observations and implications clear, relevant, and based on coherent argumentation? Is sufficient evidence provided?
• Practical recommendations (25%): Does the report provide a clear and coherent recommendation? Does the report provide detailed considerations for how the recommendation should be implemented in practice? Does the recommendation adequately connect back to the scenario and analysis? Are potential limitations considered?

• Originality (10%): Is the report creative and original? Does the report provide some new angle on the topic? 

• Style and structure (10%): Is the paper clearly structured, well written and formatted with care?

Booklists

Please refer to the Booklist for Part IIB Courses for references to this module, this can be found on the associated Moodle course.

Examination Guidelines

Please refer to Form & conduct of the examinations.

UK-SPEC

Module Leader

Dr J Kroezen

Timing and Structure

Lent term. 8 x 2 hour sessions. Assessment: 100% coursework

Coursework

ENGINEERING TRIPOS PART IIB – 2017-18

Module 4E5: International Business

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES

Assignment Description

You will investigate the “institutional distance” between two different countries of your choosing and make an informed recommendation for the internationalization strategy of a fictitious firm. The aim of the assignment is to provide you with the opportunity to directly apply the concepts learned during the course to an empirical setting and encourage you to critically reflect on the different manners in which firms can cross borders.

You can imagine the following situation:

You are the internationalization team of a large MNE that operates in {insert sector}. The firm’s headquarters are based in {insert home country} and top management has asked you to assess the possibility of expansion toward {insert host country}. Top management has determined that there are considerable business opportunities in {insert host country}, but has limited local knowledge of this country nor does it have any prior experience with doing business in countries that are similar to this country. As such, top management is uncertain if and how the identified opportunities can be captured. Assess the institutional distance between your home country and the proposed host country and make an informed recommendation regarding the entry strategy your firm should follow. In your assessment, you can assume that there are no resource constraints as top-management has assured you that it has all the resources available to execute any recommendation you make.

Assignment Steps

1. Select a sector of interest in which your fictitious firm is active;

Think of a sector that you are personally interested in or imagine a MNE that you are interested in and use this as inspiration for your fictitious firm. Make sure to develop an idea of what line of business the fictitious firm is in exactly, apart from the general sector. For example, if you want to model your fictitious firm after Wal-Mart you could say that your fictitious firm is a large retailer that sells general merchandise and a selection of groceries through discount stores. You do not have to be very detailed in this as long as you can get a good sense of how your fictitious firm makes money (i.e. what its business model is).

2. Select a home country and a host country;

Base the headquarters of your fictitious firm in a country of your choosing and select a host country in which it may be interested in operating. Ideally, you should pick at least one country that you are relatively unfamiliar with in order to enhance your learning experience. Setting up a realistic scenario may be helpful, but is not required. As stressed in the scenario, you can assume that there are considerable business opportunities in the host country you decide to choose. For example, if your fictitious firm operates in the oil industry you can assume that there is a large oil field present in the host country that you have selected regardless of whether this is true in real life.

3. Observe institutional distance between home and host country with help of concepts discussed during sessions 3 – 7;

After each session from week 3 until week 7 of the course, take some time to assess the institutional distance across the two countries that you have selected based on the concepts discussed in class. Make use of the sources provided below and do some of your own research. At this stage, you do not have to write a report but be prepared to be able to discuss your initial findings in class.

4. Select two dimensions of institutional distance that you will focus on in your paper;

After week 7 you should have acquired a good understanding of the institutional distance between your home and host country. At this stage, you should select two dimensions of institutional distance that you deem to be most relevant for your fictitious firm. Ideally, you would want to focus on dimensions for which (a) distance appears to be the greatest and that are (b) most relevant to the sector in which your fictitious firm operates.

5. Write an investigative paper in which you analyse the relevant institutional distance between your selected home and host country and make an informed recommendation for an entry strategy.

Your paper should make use of course concepts, provide own definitions (not quotes) and cite appropriate course literature. Make sure your paper follows the structure outlined below.

Structure of the Paper

The paper should be between 2,500 and 3,000 words (excluding references) and has to contain the following parts:

• Title page: Title and Candidate Number
• Introduction: Introduce the fictitious firm, including the sector in which it is active, its basic business model and in which country headquarters are located. Briefly describe the internationalization problem by introducing the host country and summarizing the scenario provided above.
• Theory: Introduce and define the notion of institutional distance. Briefly describe the various types of entry strategies that firms can follow.
• Method: Describe which dimensions of institutional distance you will focus on and justify your choice. Discuss which sources you will use in your assessment.
• Analysis: Report on your analysis of the two dimensions of institutional distance between the home and host country. Refer to your sources where appropriate.
• Conclusion and Discussion: Conclude with a recommendation for an entry strategy that your firm should follow when entering the host country. Discuss any other issues that the firm may need to consider in relation to your recommendation. Discuss any limitations of your analysis and make suggestions for further research.
• References: Select a particular citation style and apply consistently throughout the document

Please note that the above is an indication of necessary elements for the report. You will need to add other elements to make the paper complete and logical!

Assessment Criteria

-       Clarity of constructed vignette (5%): Is the fictitious firm properly introduced? Is the internationalization problem clearly described?

-       Coverage of relevant literature (25%): Does the student engage with the literature in a constructive and concise manner? Has the student used additional academic articles, other than the ones covered in lectures?

-       Critical analysis (25%): Are the reported claims questioned and compared in a constructive manner, with clear and coherent argumentation? Is evidence provided?

-       Practical implications (25%): Does the report include clear and coherent advice on the topic? Are potential limitations taken into account?


-       Originality (10%): Is the analysis creative and original? Does the report provide some new angle on 
the topic? 


-       Style and structure (10%): Is the paper clear and well written? 


Suggested Resources

The following sources provide most of the information that you will need to complete your analysis. However, you should not necessarily limit yourself to these sources. Also note that some of the sources listed under one category may have some relevance for another category. For example, many of the resources under developmental distance may give an indication of economic distance as well.

General

a.     The World Factbook (CIA)

Provides information on the history, people, government, economy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for 267 world entities.

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

b.     Nationmaster

NationMaster is a vast compilation of data from hundreds of sources. Using the forms below, you can get maps and graphs on all kinds of statistics with ease.

http://www.nationmaster.com/

c.      Marketine and EMIS

Provide reports which include international country and market data, as well as political, social and cultural characteristics. Access can be gained to both databases on the CJBS Information and Library Services database page:

https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/information-library-services/databases/

Economic Distance

d.     Articles with data for different countries and regions will be provided through the Moodle Booklist.

Legal Distance

e.     The World Factbook (CIA): Legal Systems

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html

f.      See assigned Siems (2016) article, available through Moodle Booklist

Political Distance

g.     The World Factbook (CIA): Government Type

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html

h.     Dow Database: Political Systems

Differences in the political systems amongst countries is measured in two distinct dimensions.  The first dimension is the degree of democracy.  This dimension is measured using four scales. The second aspect of differences in political systems concerns the political ideology of the group in power.  This dimension is unfortunately only measured with one single indicator:

https://sites.google.com/site/ddowresearch/home/scales/democracy

Developmental Distance

i.       Global Competitiveness Report (World Economic Forum)

Assesses the competitiveness landscape of 144 economies, providing insight into the drivers of their productivity and prosperity. Particularly useful are the Economy Profiles that allow for inspection of the characteristics of individual countries for 12 “pillars” that together contribute to a score for the Country Global Competitiveness Index. The pillars are: Institutions, Infrastructure, Macroeconomy, Health and primary education, Higher education and training, Goods market efficiency, Labor market efficiency, Financial market development, Technological readiness, Market size, Business sophistication, Innovation.

http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/economies/#economy=CHE

j.       World Development Indicators (The World Bank)

World Development Indicators 2014 provides a compilation of relevant, high-quality, and internationally comparable statistics about global development and the fight against poverty. Six themes are used to organize indicators—worldview, people, environment, economy, states and markets, and global links.

http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators

Full text pdf files of reports available through Cambridge library: http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk

Look, for instance, at the States and Markets chapter: https://libsta28.lib.cam.ac.uk:2062/docview/1898059058/fulltextPDF/77FF068881AE46AFPQ/6?accountid=9851

k.     Worldwide Governance Indicators.

Reports aggregate and individual governance indicators for 215 economies over the period 1996–2013, for six dimensions of governance.

http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home

l.       Index of Economic Freedom (The Heritage Foundation)

Includes basic data on economic performance as well as overall country “IEF” including 10 indicators of economic freedom on which the index is based: trade, fiscal burden, government intervention, monetary policy, foreign investment, banking/finance, wages/prices, property rights, regulation, and informal markets.

https://www.heritage.org/index/

m.     World Investment Report (UN Conference on Trade and Development)

Includes detailed FDI flows data on regions and countries and summary FDI statistics including FDI potential index, FDI performance index and others. Country Fact Sheets provide most of the relevant information.

http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=1782

n.   Corruption Perception Index

First launched in 1995, the corruption perceptions index has been widely credited with putting the issue of corruption on the international policy agenda.

http://www.transparency.org/cpi2016

o.     Dow Database: Industrial Development

Differences in the degree of industrial development amongst countries is measured using nine scales

https://sites.google.com/site/ddowresearch/home/scales/industrial-development

Cultural Distance

p.     Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Index

Provides country-level data with description for all six Hofstede dimensions (including a recent addition: indulgence) of culture and allows for cross-country comparison.

https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/

q.     Globe Clusters

Similar to Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions. Clusters countries in broader regions based on underlying differences in culture.

http://globeproject.com

r.     World Values Survey

The World Values Survey is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire.

http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp

Religious Distance

s.      The World Factbook (CIA): Religions

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html

t.      Nationmaster: Religion

http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Religion/Religions

u.      Pew Research Center: The Global Religious Landscape

http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/

also see: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/

v.     Dow Database: Religion

Differences in language amongst countries is measured using three scales:

https://sites.google.com/site/ddowresearch/home/scales/religion

Linguistic Distance

w.     The World Factbook (CIA): Languages

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html

y.    Dow Database: Language

Differences in religion amongst countries is measured using three scales:

https://sites.google.com/site/ddowresearch/home/scales/languages

Booklists

Please see the Booklist for Group E Courses for references for this module.

Examination Guidelines

Please refer to Form & conduct of the examinations.

UK-SPEC

Module Leader

Dr S Welch

Timing and Structure

Lent term. 8 x 2 hour sessions. Assessment: 100% coursework

Coursework

ENGINEERING TRIPOS PART IIB – 2022-23

Module 4E5: International Business

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES

Assignment Description

You will investigate the “institutional distance” between two different countries of your choosing and make an informed recommendation for the internationalisation strategy of a (fictitious) firm of your choosing. The aim of the assignment is to provide you with the opportunity to directly apply the concepts learned during the course to an empirical setting and encourage you to critically reflect on the different manners in which firms can cross borders.

You need to imagine the following situation:

You are responsible for the internationalisation strategy of a firm that operates in {insert sector}. The firm’s headquarters are based in {insert home country} and top management has asked you to assess the possibility of expansion toward {insert host country}. Top management has determined that there are considerable business opportunities in {insert host country}, but has limited local knowledge of this country nor does it have any prior experience with doing business in countries that are similar to this country. As such, top management is uncertain if and how the identified opportunities can be captured. Assess the institutional distance between your home country and the proposed host country and make an informed recommendation regarding the entry strategy your firm should follow. In your assessment, you can assume that there are no resource constraints as top-management has assured you that it has all the resources available to execute any recommendation you make.

Assignment Steps

1. Select a sector of interest in which your firm is active;

Think of a sector that you are personally interested in or imagine a firm that you are interested in and use this as inspiration for your scenario. For the purpose of the assignment, it is helpful to work with a stylized or fictional scenario to allow you to focus on the most crucial part of the assignment (the comparative institutional analysis of a chosen home and host country). However, do make sure to develop an idea of what unique capabilities define the firm that would need to be somehow replicated or transferred across borders.

2. Select a home country and a host country;

Base the headquarters of your firm in a country of your choosing and select a host country in which it may be interested in operating. Ideally, you should pick at least one country that you are relatively unfamiliar with in order to enhance your learning experience. Setting up a realistic scenario may be helpful, but is not required! As stressed in the scenario above, you can assume that there are considerable business opportunities in the host country you decide to choose. In other words, if you are working with a scenario where the firm is seeking a new market, you do not have to do any market research to justify why you have selected a particular host country.

3. Observe institutional distance between home and host country with help of concepts discussed during sessions 3-7;

Before each session from week 3 until week 7 of the course, take some time to explore the institutional differences across the two countries that you have selected based on the concepts discussed in class. At this stage, you do not have to write a report but be prepared to be able to discuss your initial findings in class.

4. Select two dimensions of institutional distance that you will focus on in your paper;

After the final session, you should have acquired a good understanding of the institutional differences between your home and host country. At this stage, you should select two dimensions of institutional distance that you deem to be most relevant for your scenario. Ideally, you would want to focus on dimensions for which (a) distance appears to be the greatest and that are (b) most relevant to the unique capabilities of your firm.

5. Write an investigative paper in which you analyse the relevant institutional distance between your selected home and host country across the two selected dimensions and make an informed, detailed and realistic recommendation for an entry strategy.

Your paper should make use of course concepts and provide definitions in own words (not quotes) where necessary. Make sure your paper follows the structure outlined below.

Structure of the Paper

The paper should be no more than 3,000 words (excluding references) and has to contain the following parts:

• Title page: Title and Student Number
• Introduction: Very briefly introduce the firm, including the sector in which it is active, its unique capabilities and in which country headquarters are located. Succinctly introduce the internationalisation problem following the scenario you have crafted.
• Theory: Very briefly introduce and define key perspectives (e.g. the institution-based view) or concepts (e.g. various entry strategies) used in the assignment. There is no need to directly reproduce course content and/or tables.
• Method: Briefly describe which dimensions of institutional distance you will focus on and justify your choice. Discuss which sources you will rely on for your assessment.
• Analysis: Report in detail on your analysis of the two dimensions of institutional distance between the home and host country. Make sure to refer to any sources you have used. Where possible, make your analysis specifically relevant to your firm by considering how institutional differences may pose challenges for your firm’s usual mode of operating / its unique capabilities.
• Conclusion and Discussion: Conclude with a detailed recommendation for an entry strategy that your firm should follow when entering the host country in which you make use of the relevant course frameworks on internationalisation strategy. Refer back to your analysis and consider how the firm can practically navigate any challenges in transferring or recreating the necessary capabilities for success in the host country. Discuss any other issues that the firm may need to consider in relation to your recommendation. Discuss any limitations of your analysis and/or make suggestions for further research.
• References: Follow the Harvard system to carefully reference relevant literature and avoid plagiarism. See: https://infolib.blog.jbs.cam.ac.uk/2017/09/28/referencing-advice-all-you....

Assessment Criteria

• Clarity of constructed scenario (5%): Is the firm properly and succinctly introduced? Is the internationalisation problem clearly but succinctly described?
• Coverage of relevant literature (25%): Does the student engage with the literature in a constructive and concise manner? Has the student used additional (academic) sources, other than the ones covered in lectures?
• Critical analysis (25%): Has the student put effort in conducting a comparative institutional analysis? Are the reported observations and implications clear, relevant, and based on coherent argumentation? Is sufficient evidence provided?
• Practical recommendations (25%): Does the report provide a clear and coherent recommendation? Does the report provide detailed considerations for how the recommendation should be implemented in practice? Does the recommendation adequately connect back to the scenario and analysis? Are potential limitations considered?

• Originality (10%): Is the report creative and original? Does the report provide some new angle on the topic? 

• Style and structure (10%): Is the paper clearly structured, well written and formatted with care?

Booklists

Please refer to the Booklist for Part IIB Courses for references to this module, this can be found on the associated Moodle course.

Examination Guidelines

Please refer to Form & conduct of the examinations.

UK-SPEC

Leader

Dr T Minshall

Lecturers

Dr T Minshall, Dr Clive Kerr, Dr R Phaal & Dr F Tietze

Timing and Structure

Michaelmas term. Eight 2-hour sessions incorporating industry speakers. Assessment: 100% coursework

Coursework

For the coursework, students are required to research and write a report of approximately 3,000 words on a specific management of technology theme provided in the first lecture of the module.  The report should draw upon module material supplemented with students' own research on both industrial practice & academic theory.

Booklists

Please see the Booklist for Group E Courses for references for this module.

Examination Guidelines

Please refer to Form & conduct of the examinations.

UK-SPEC