Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• introduce the physical basis of turbulence as well as its practical implications for engineers; turbulence is a common feature of fluid flows in the atmosphere and the ocean, in aerodynamics and in chemically-reacting flows such as combustion.
• introduce the basic rules of vortex dynamics, which is identified as controlling energy transfers between different scales in a turbulent flow.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• be aware of the turbulent nature of most flows of interest to engineers and its influence on the transfer processes involving momentum, heat and mass.
• interpret fluid motion in terms of the creation and transport of vorticity.
• understand energy transfer between mean flow and turbulent fluctuations (Reynolds stresses).
• understand energy transfer between the different scales of turbulence and the mechanism of dissipation.
• be aware of the more common phenomenological models of turbulence currently used by engineers and of their underlying assumptions and limitations.

Content

Turbulence and Vortex Dynamics (16L)

• Introduction to turbulence: Pictures of turbulence. Universality of turbulence in flows as the final result of instabilities. Engineering consequences.
• Some simple illustrations of vortex dynamics: The persistence of rotation (angular momentum) in flows. Another description of fluid dynamics: the vorticity equation. Lift and induced motion, with application to aerodynamics and hovering insects. Swirling flows with application to tornadoes, hurricanes and tidal vortices.
• Basic concepts in turbulence theory: Order from chaos - Reynolds decomposition and Reynolds equation. Kinetic energy - Production and Dissipation. Introduction to the different scales in Turbulence, from the integral scale to Kolmogorov's micro-scale. Wall-bounded shear flows. Vortex dynamics at work at the large and small scales (worms).
• Phenomenological models of turbulence: Prandlt's Mixing length and k - e model: their assumptions and limitations. Other models. What can be expected from these turbulence models in terms of velocity and heat transfer.
• Current trends in industrial fluid mechanics.

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

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Last modified: 31/05/2024 09:57

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• develop the basic ideas necessary to understand some advanced concepts in aerodynamics.
• cover the aerodynamic effects that constrain an aircraft design.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• have an appreciation of the aerodynamic factors likely to feature in the designs of new aircraft.
• have an understanding of the behaviour of boundary layers over swept wings in compressible flow.
• estimate the position of laminar-turbulent transition.
• estimate wing drag, and to be familiar with techniques for avoiding turbulent flow.
• have sufficient knowledge to be able to predict the different supersonic zones on a wing.
• understand how the basic physics can be integrated into the design of an aircraft.
• understand how to make design trade-offs.
• have a basic appreciation of the impact of aviation on the environment and possible responses.

Content

This course aims to develop the basic ideas necessary to enable the student to understand some advanced concepts in aerodynamics. In particular the course will cover the aerodynamic effects that constrain an aircraft design. The course will highlight those factors determining the configuration of aircraft for different duties relating them to the effect of compressibility at transonic speeds, the control of boundary layers to benefit from laminar flows and the estimation of aerodynamic loads on the aircraft structure. Coursework will illustrate basic physics, via transonic airfoil design and the integration of these basics via a study of the trade-offs made in producing a design for a given specification. The course will end by reviewing the environmental impact of aviation and show how aircraft design might change to reduce this impact.

Introduction to transonic wings (2L, Dr J P Jarrett)

• Review of 3A3 material: boundary layers and drag estimation;
• Transonic flow about two-dimensional aerofoils;
• Shock-boundary layer interaction;
• Supercritical aerofoils with delayed shock-induced drag rise.

Transonic aerofoil design (4h coursework, Dr J P Jarrett)

This coursework section will allow the interactive design of a transonic aerofoil profile on a workstation in the DPO. The aim is to consolidate the lecture material and illustrate how the various design constraints compete in practice.

Advanced aerodynamics (4L, Dr J P Jarrett)

• Aerodynamic challenges of high-speed flight
• Airframe/Intake integration
• Stability of swept wing aircraft
• Practical swept wing design
• Delta and slender ogival wings
• Hypersonic re-entry vehicles and waveriders
• Vertical / short take-off and landing

Aviation and the environment (6L, Prof. W N Dawes)

The impact of air transport on the environment; the relationship between technology, operational practice, regulation and economics.

• Basic modelling
• The environment - overview of atmospheric chemistry, fluid dynamics & mixing; the greenhouse effect; radiative forcing.
• Airframe - aircraft range & endurance, the Breguet equation; ML/D payload, fuel and structure weight; choice of fuel. Why do airplanes fly at the altitude they do? Payload and fuel efficiency.
• Engine - simple modelling of a high-bypass ratio turbofan engine. Cycle efficiency and propulsive efficiency, trading production of NOx and CO2.
• What would an airplane look like if optimised to reduce environmental impact?

Greener by Design (Coursework, Prof. W N Dawes)

The coursework consists of a choice of one from three case studies, based on the simple modelling above to study from the perspective of environmental impact the trade-offs associated with (A) design range;(B) cruise altitude;and (C) engine overall pressure ratio. It is intended that the case studies will be spreadsheet based.

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 03/08/2017 16:00

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• develop the basic ideas necessary to understand some advanced concepts in aerodynamics.
• cover the aerodynamic effects that constrain an aircraft design.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• have an appreciation of the aerodynamic factors likely to feature in the designs of new aircraft.
• have an understanding of the behaviour of boundary layers over swept wings in compressible flow.
• estimate the position of laminar-turbulent transition.
• estimate wing drag, and to be familiar with techniques for avoiding turbulent flow.
• have sufficient knowledge to be able to predict the different supersonic zones on a wing.
• understand how the basic physics can be integrated into the design of an aircraft.
• understand how to make design trade-offs.
• have a basic appreciation of the impact of aviation on the environment and possible responses.

Content

This course aims to develop the basic ideas necessary to enable the student to understand some advanced concepts in aerodynamics. In particular the course will cover the aerodynamic effects that constrain an aircraft design. The course will highlight those factors determining the configuration of aircraft for different duties relating them to the effect of compressibility at transonic speeds, the control of boundary layers to benefit from laminar flows and the estimation of aerodynamic loads on the aircraft structure. Coursework will illustrate basic physics, via transonic airfoil design and the integration of these basics via a study of the trade-offs made in producing a design for a given specification. The course will end by reviewing the environmental impact of aviation and show how aircraft design might change to reduce this impact.

Introduction to transonic wings (3L, Dr J P Jarrett)

• Review of 3A3 material: boundary layers and drag estimation;
• Transonic flow about two-dimensional aerofoils;
• Shock-boundary layer interaction;
• Supercritical aerofoils with delayed shock-induced drag rise.

Transonic aerofoil design (4h coursework, Dr J P Jarrett)

This coursework section will allow the interactive design of a transonic aerofoil profile on a workstation in the DPO. The aim is to consolidate the lecture material and illustrate how the various design constraints compete in practice.

Advanced aerodynamics (3L, Dr J P Jarrett)

• Aerodynamic challenges of high-speed flight
• Airframe/Intake integration
• Stability of swept wing aircraft
• Practical swept wing design
• Delta and slender ogival wings
• Vertical / short take-off and landing

Aviation and the environment (6L, Prof CA Hall)

The impact of air transport on the environment; the relationship between technology, operational practice, regulation and economics.

• Basic modelling
• The environment - overview of atmospheric chemistry, fluid dynamics & mixing; the greenhouse effect; radiative forcing.
• Airframe - aircraft range & endurance, the Breguet equation; ML/D payload, fuel and structure weight; choice of fuel. Why do airplanes fly at the altitude they do? Payload and fuel efficiency.
• Engine - simple modelling of a high-bypass ratio turbofan engine. Cycle efficiency and propulsive efficiency, trading production of NOx and CO2.
• What would an airplane look like if optimised to reduce environmental impact?

Greener by Design (Coursework, Prof CA Hall)

The coursework consists of a choice of one from three case studies, based on the simple modelling above to study from the perspective of environmental impact the trade-offs associated with (A) design range;(B) cruise altitude;and (C) engine overall pressure ratio. It is intended that the case studies will be spreadsheet based.

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 12/09/2024 15:22

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• provide a general understanding of the principles that govern the design of axial flow and radial flow turbomachines.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• understand the principles underpinning the study of turbomachine aerodynamics.
• know the requirements for different type of turbomachines.
• know the factors which influence the overall design of turbomachine stages and which influence the matching of components.
• know the factors which influence overall design of turbomachines for propulsion and stationary power-plant applications.
• evaluate the performance of turbine and compressor bladerows and stages using mean-line analyses.
• select a design for a given duty.
• present and understand information on stage and machine design.
• describe and understand compressor off-design performance.
• analyse the performance of propulsion systems and stationary power plant.

Content

Applications and Characteristics of Turbomachines (12L, Prof. RJ Miller and Dr LP Xu)

• Stage design and choice of design parameters.
• Specific speed, dynamic scaling and measures of efficiency.
• Analysis of the mean-line flow in compressors and turbines.
• Radial flow turbomachines.
• Characteristics of compressors, pumps and turbines.
• Matching of components: compressors and turbines; nozzles, throttles and diffusers. Compressor off-design problems; stall and its consequences.
• Application of turbomachines: power plant and aircraft propulsion systems.

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

Toggle display of UK-SPEC areas.

 
Last modified: 01/10/2021 10:41