Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Understand the basic principles behind quantum mechanics and be able to apply it to problems relevant to Electrical Engineering
• Explore the concepts of quantum information processing and quantum computing
• Become familiar with nanotechnology, what it is, where it is used, and how it relates to quantum systems

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Apply quantum principles to understand charge transport and current flow at the nanoscale
• Understand quantum confinement, the origin of band structure, and how it relates to quantum size effects
• Be able to predict basic electrical properties of materials
• Understand and explain the principles behind thermal conductivity of materials
• Describe the operation principle of a quantum computer
• Understand the basic relationships between size and properties of materials, their quantum origin, and their application via nanotechnology

Content

The aim of this module is to introduce (building on material in 3B5) the concepts underlying quantum mechanics and nanotechnology, and see how to apply them to problems relevant to electrical engineering. We will explore the quantum origin of many of the properties of materials, ranging from resistivity, mechanical properties, colour, and band structure, and how these properties evolve with size. We will approach this from two angles: from the theoretical principles and predictions of quantum mechanics, to the manifestations of these as exploited using nanotechnology.

All lectures will be delivered by Dr Sapienza.

Lecture content:

• The need for a quantum description of the world around us.
• The basic assumptions of quantum mechanics.
• The Klein-Gordon equation & the Dirac equation.
• Solutions to the Schrodinger equation - confinement, band structures, quantum harmonic oscillator.
• Interpretation of quantum mechanics.
• Everyday examples of quantum mechanics at work.
• A quantum description of electrical properties of materials, and where Ohm's law comes from.
• Mesoscopic transport & the Landauer-Buttiker formalism.
• A look into the principles underlying quantum information processing.
• Entanglement, encryption and quantum computing.
• Nanotechnology - what it is and relationship to quantum mechanics.
• Nanomaterials, evolution of properties of materials with decreasing size, dimensionality.
• Ultimate nanostructures - graphene, molecular systems, novel device architectures.

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

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Last modified: 04/06/2025 13:26

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• Introduce students to fundamental combustion concepts, and their influence on internal combustion engine and gas turbine performance and emissions.
• Introduce students to the changes required to use low-carbon fuels in these engines.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• Understand fundamental concepts in combustion
• Understand combustion issues particularly relvant to gas turbines
• Understand the performance and efficiency characteristics of IC engines
• Understand the formation and after treatment of pollutants in IC engines and gas turbines and trade-offs with performance; understand the changes associated with the switch to low-carbon fuels.

Content

Chemical thermodynamics and equilibrium (1L)

Conservation laws for multicomponent mixture, multispecies equilibrium and calculation method

Chemical kinetics (1L)

Principles of chemical kinetics – law of mass action, activation energy, order & degree of a reaction, hydrocarbon reaction chains
, pollutant formation 
multistep reactions, chemical explosion, chemistry reduction using steady state and partial equilibrium approximations

Applications of chemical kinetics: limit reators (1L)

Common approximations used in combustion & chemical engineering analyses – perfectly stirred reactor, plug flow reactor, thermal explosions, autoignition & spark ignition

Laminar premixed flames (1L)

Concepts and measurements,
 conservation equations in one and multiple dimensions, characteristic time and space scales, Zeldovich number, solution for 1D flame, flame speed and its dependence on mixture composition, temperature and pressure

Laminar non-premixed flames (1L)

Mixture fraction concept and its physical significance, conserved scalar approach, state relationship, simple solution for diffusion flame, droplet evaporation & combustion as an example for diffusion flame

Pollution from combustion (1L)

Nature of pollutants emitted by combustion and their effects on environment & human health, features of pollution generation chemistry, typical techniques used for emission reduction

Turbulent combustion (1L)

A brief introduction to turbulent combustion, its importance, applications, and scientific methods used to study turbulent combustion

Fundamental concepts in internal combustion engines (1L)

Overview of energy use in transportation, evolution of internal combustion and reciprocating engines, basic concepts and definitions, ideal constant volume and constant pressure cycles, efficiency, turbocharging, and hybridisation

Spark ignition & compression ignition engines (2L)

Basic concepts and definitions, valve timing and volumetric efficiency, residual gases, intake and fuel injection systems, combustion in SI engines, knock and limits to combustion, compression ignition process parameters, combustion under autoignition, fuel injection timing, torque and emissions, principles of turbocharging and relevant physics, turbocharger matching

Hybridisation and future concepts (1L)

New developments in combustion engines. Low-carbon fuels. Hybrid powertrain concepts and designs (series, parallel), downsizing, turbocharging, electric powertrain efficiency and control concepts

Gas turbine combustion (2L)

Basic concepts, combustor aerodynamics, two-phase flows, thermoacoustics, NOx and soot trade-off, combustor architectures, hydrogen, ammonia, synthetic aviation fuels

Emissions and aftertreatment (2L)

Emissions from IC engines and gas turbines, post-combustion clean-up (three-way catalysts, selective catalytic reduction, particulate matter removal), methods of in-flame control of NOx and soot, air-fuel ratio control, exhaust gas recirculation, NOx from H2 and NH3 combustion

This syllabus contributes to the following areas of the UK-SPEC standard:

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Last modified: 04/06/2025 13:24

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• practise digital system modelling techniques using Verilog HDL
• obtain hands-on experience working with FPGAs and their synthesis tools
• explore fundamental concepts in computer architecture through the study and implementation of RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA)
• perform evaluation and verification of a microprocessor core on FPGAs, in a team environment

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• model digital systems effectively using the Verilog hardware description language
• use design tools for FPGAs for synthesis, simulation and programming
• comprehend a simple microprocessor design and realise improvement in performance, power or area
• systemically evaluate and verify a microprocessor

Content

In this project, the students will be working on improving a simple RISC-V processor in terms of performance, power or area when it is implementation on an iCE40 FPGA. For the first two weeks, the students will be investigating the available hardware resources on the FPGA and learning to model and map a digital system using the Verilog HDL. Then they will be guided to explore the basics of computer architecture through studying the given processor. They will also practise evaluating of the processor implementation for the performance, power and area. In the second half, the groups of three students have the liberty to identify and realise possible improvements for the processor core. For example, pipelining, caching, out-of-order execution, co-processing units are popular options for high performance processors. They will propose, implement, verify and evaluate their improvement and detail the process in the report.

This project will provide you with the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with FPGA, HDL modelling, computer architecture.

Week 1

Introduction to the project. FPGA device and design tools. Measurements with FPGA. 

Week 2

Basic computer architecture. RISC-V software tool chain. FPGA implementation of RISC-V processor. Baseline measurements/records.

Week 3

Discussion and proposal of ideas. Preliminary study and implementation. Debugging.

Week 4

Finalised core improvement. Verification, evaluation and optimisation.

Aims

The aims of the course are to:

• The aim of this course is to inspire students to engage with the reality of implementing meaningful climate change mitigation and to equip them with skills to help us achieve more rapid progress.

Objectives

As specific objectives, by the end of the course students should be able to:

• By the end of the course, students should be able to:
• Give an overview of the scientific and political imperatives for action to mitigate climate change.
• Assess the likely scale of impact of mitigation options, by analysing their technical potential and rates of deployment within the whole system of global emissions.
• Apply frameworks of understanding to anticipate and evaluate likely barriers to the implementation of mitigation options and to propose means to overcome them.
• Present an assessment of a mitigation option, giving clear and evidence-based analysis of scale and challenges to implementation.

Content

(the word “Outcome” in the descriptions below should be read as “By the end of this lecture, students should be able to…”)

Part I: Background and context

1: The physical system of greenhouse gas emissions 

Outcome: describe several consistent decompositions of global and national greenhouse gas emissions in order to place specific proposals for mitigation in a global context.

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

• Understand the motivation for the course, its structure and assessment
• Describe a very brief summary of the current scientific consensus on global warming
• Explain four different decompositions of emissions statistics

2: The political context of climate mitigation

Outcome: describe the context of climate mitigation with reference to key international treaties and discuss the urgency and scale of change recommended by climate science.

Learning objectives:

• Understanding mitigation targets
• The structure of international governance on mitigation
• The structure of UK governance on mitigation

Part II: Physical options for mitigation

3. Supply-side options for mitigation: energy sources and conversion

Outcome: describe the main technical options for low carbon energy supply and efficient energy conversion and discuss their technical potential and rate of deployment.

The learning objectives of this session are:

• Overview of the global energy system from supply to final use, and trends in global and UK use
• Options or energy supply – conventional 
• Options or energy supply – renewable

4. Supply-side options for mitigation: intermittency, new technologies, Absolute Zero

Outcome: describe the main technical options for low carbon energy supply and efficient energy conversion and discuss their technical potential and rate of deployment.

By the end of this session, you should:

• be able to describe the problem of Intermittency and discuss our options to deal with it
• be able to describe the main new technologies for emissions capture or removal and energy transfer
• be aware of the "Absolute Zero" analysis which explores the delivery of zero emissions by 2050 with today's technologies. 

5. Demand-side options for mitigation: energy efficiency; transport 

Outcome: describe the services by which humans benefit from using energy, suggest how these services can be delivered differently and discuss the determinants of preference for alternative forms of service delivery.

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

• Analyse the potential for efficiency in other passive systems (using the references provided) and compare the to the potential for device efficiency
• Discuss the way that “efficiency” may be visible or invisible to users, and describe the forms of trade-off required to deliver step changes in total energy demand
• Have a basis for exploring the de-carbonisation of other forms of transport.

6. Demand-side options for mitigation: buildings and AFOLU

Outcome: describe the services by which humans benefit from using energy, suggest how these services can be delivered differently and discuss the determinants of preference for alternative forms of service delivery.

By the end of the session you should be able to:

• Discuss the constraints on the total global biomass harvest that limit the future potential of bio-energy
• Provide and overview of the options for improving the energy efficiency of buildings

7. Demand-side options for mitigation: industry and process emissions

Outcome: describe the major human uses of industrial materials and natural biomass and discuss options for reducing the emissions associated with its delivery.

By the end of this session you should be able to:

• Describe the main sources of industrial emissions and explain why energy efficiency has only limited remaining mitigation potential
• Describe the technical options for implementing material efficiency and give examples of each

8. Group tutorials 1 (sign up on Moodle)

In advance of the tutorial, students will (a) prepare a first draft of their assessment poster (based on a template given out in advance) in which they describe the physical mitigation option they are proposing and (b) discuss and challenge similar drafts prepared by each other student in the group. In groups of 6-8, and facilitated by experienced full-time researchers in this area, students will then:

• reflect on the mitigation potential of their proposed mitigation option and discuss and contrast the means they have used to evaluate it 
• discuss the physical implications and constraints of their implementation and challenge each other’s assumptions.

9. Prioritisation: choosing between mitigation options across final services

Outcome: choose appropriate tools that can be used to evaluate mitigation options and apply them to determine the relative merits and limitations of specific options

In this lecture we will:

• Identify criteria to prioritise mitigation options;
• Reflect on the impact of the choice of system boundaries and the problems of double counting on the validity of claims of potential for mitigation;
• Recognise the relative merits and limitation of the choice of various metrics to prioritise mitigation options.

10. Physical constraints: limits and deployment rates

Outcome: Describe the constraints on rates of different mitigation options

By the end of this session you should be able to:

• Anticipate likely constraints on the deployment rates of any technological or societal transformation of the scale required to mitigate climate change
• Think about mitigation as a societal process – not just a new mousetrap – and engage in much wider discussions
• Anticipate eagerly the remainder of the course!

Part III: Barriers to implementation and overcoming them

11. Stakeholders, decision analysis and co-operation

Outcome: describe the main players involved in supporting and opposing implementation and provide a structured analysis of a mitigation opportunity by showing how design choices determine key performance metrics that are traded off against each other

By the end of today's session, you should be able to:

• Describe the main players involved in supporting and opposing implementation 
• Provide a structured analysis of a mitigation opportunity based on the framework of game theory, in order to describe how competing incentives determine how to choose a path to implementation
• Discuss two case studies of how the game-theory framework reveals the path to implementation of two mitigation options in practice.

12. Implementation by businesses

Outcome: describe the basis by which businesses choose to invest in new assets, products or markets and discuss the development of a new offering from first trial through to widespread adoption

By the end of this session you should be able to:

• Discuss the responsibilities of corporate directors, according to the UK's Companies Act
• Explore how the goal of climate mitigation relates to the goal of "maximising shareholder value"
• Describe a process for revealing entrepreneurial opportunity for businesses seeking to profit in zero emissions.

13. Implementation by Government

Outcome: discuss some determinants of political acceptability and describe how these influence policy implementation at national and international scale, contrasted between developing and developed countries; discuss the use of tax, spending, regulation, targets and information options in climate mitigation to date and critically evaluate options to influence the adoption of proposed future mitigation strategies.

By the end of this session you should be able to:

• Have an overview of the political processes of the UK
• Discuss the main forms of political intervention that have been tried to date to support climate mitigation.
• Reflect on the intimate real-world experience of Lord Wilson.

14. Implementation by individuals

Outcome: discuss how individuals make the choices that determine their energy requirements and that exert influence

By the end of this session you should be able to:

• Describe three contrasting frameworks of understanding individual preferences
• Describe several ways to characterize human aspiration
• Reflect on a set of models of how individuals make decisions

15. Breaking out of lock-in: wiggle-room, agendas and influence; Action and inaction: where we are today and case studies of optimism

Outcome: describe and discuss wider opportunities to escape the lock-in of established choice between businesses, governments and households; summarise the world and UK response to climate change to date, discuss the relative lack of progress and propose ideas for more rapid progress

By the end of today's session you should be able to:

• Review where we’re at as a world (and recent UK announcement)
• Describe some positive case studies
• Review what we’ve seen on implementation as a basis for planning the implementation component of your essay

16. Group tutorials 2 (sign up via Moodle)

Using a similar format to the first set of group tutorials, students should in advance of the tutorial prepare a bullet-point outline of their individual essay, focusing particularly on the implementation strategy. During the session, and facilitated by experienced tutors, they will:

• Discuss and challenge their anticipation of the barriers to implementing their proposed mitigation strategy, in business, government and households
• Review and brainstorm the options to break lock-in.

Assessment

The aim of this course is to provide students with a practical overview of the physical options for mitigating climate change combined with insights into the difficulty of implementation and opportunities to overcome the difficulty. We have therefore designed the assessment, which is all coursework, to give students the experience of working through this reality: each student will select a mitigation option, and then apply the learning of the course to assessing how it can be brought into practice.

Mitigation option: by the end of the first seven lectures, each student should specify a mitigating action as the basis for their coursework. This action should be described as a physical change in the form of “instead of A which happens at present, B will happen leading to a reduction in UK emissions.” This change should be an additional contribution to mitigation in the UK, beyond what is already planned. It should be specific and be based on what physically changes (i.e. “Instead of today’s average speeds of 100-150 mph, all high-speed trains in the UK will travel with a maximum speed of 75mph to reduce their energy consumption by 30%”) not on the incentive provided for change (“the UK will have a carbon tax of £300/tonne of CO2”) or on an aspiration for a voluntary behaviour change (“people will eat less meat”). The option should within 10 years be operating at a scale that will lead to a permanent net reduction in UK annual emissions by 1 MtCO2e/yr (this is around 0.2% of today’s total). The phrase “net reduction” indicates that if implementing the option requires additional emissions, for example in construction, then the option should lead to savings that “pay off” these additional emissions, and then delivers savings of 1MtCO2e/yr.

The assessment has three components:

Poster: Mid-course, students will submit an A3 poster using this template that:

• Describes the physical changes required by their proposed mitigation option including a time-line with one or more pathways to full implementation within 10 years.
• Provides detailed calculations to justify the predicted net reduction in UK emissions
• Anticipates the second half of the course by describing all the actors who will either support or object to the option and explaining their motivation.

Poster reviews: Each student will write a short peer-review (of no more than 150 words per review)  of three other posters (we will allocate reviewers randomly to each poster). The peer-reviews will be marked based on the insightfulness of their suggestions about each poster. To what extent does the review help the author of the poster improve their work? Good reviews will make specific suggestions.

Essay: At the end of the course, students will submit an individual essay of no more than 2000 words providing a complete assessment of their proposal, using appropriate graphics and references to support their case.  The essays will be assessed based on:

• the physical reality of the recommended option: does the essay contain convincing evidence that the option will lead to a net reduction in UK emissions of 1 MtCO_2e/yr within 10 years?
• the analysis of affected stakeholders: who will gain or lose by implementation of this option, and why?
• the plausibility of the proposed implementation strategy: given stakeholder objections, and the realities of government, business and individual constraints, does the proposed pathway to implementation seem realistic and achievable? Who will take what form of risk to bring about change, and why will they do so?
• How clearly is the analysis in the essay presented?

The marks for the course will be allocated as:

• Mid-term poster (20%)
• Peer-reviews of three other posters (10%)
• Individual essay (70%)

Important: For all MEng students, all coursework must be submitted anonymously using your candidate number and not a name. For Graduates whatever course you are doing, you MUST submit your coursework with your crsid, forename and surname– otherwise, we cannot trace it back to you. Following difficult experiences last year, we regret that we will not mark any submitted coursework that does not meet these requirements.